diff --git a/api/auth/auth.go b/api/auth/auth.go
index 7517ad4..708582d 100644
--- a/api/auth/auth.go
+++ b/api/auth/auth.go
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ const (
 
 	// CookieExpDuration expires slightly earlier than the jwt expiration. Client would be logged out if the user
 	// cookie expires, thus the client would always logout first before attempting to make a request with the expired jwt.
-	// Suppose we have a valid refresh token, we will refresh the token in cases:
-	// 1. The access token has already expired, we refresh the token so that the ongoing request can pass through.
 	CookieExpDuration = AccessTokenDuration - 1*time.Minute
 	// AccessTokenCookieName is the cookie name of access token.
 	AccessTokenCookieName = "slash.access-token"
diff --git a/api/v1/auth.go b/api/v1/auth.go
index 078428f..a53379e 100644
--- a/api/v1/auth.go
+++ b/api/v1/auth.go
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 package v1
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/boojack/slash/api/auth"
+	storepb "github.com/boojack/slash/proto/gen/store"
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/store"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
 )
 
 type SignInRequest struct {
@@ -46,9 +52,16 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerAuthRoutes(g *echo.Group, secret string) {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "unmatched email and password")
 		}
 
-		if err := GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c, user, secret); err != nil {
+		accessToken, err := GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, secret)
+		if err != nil {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to generate tokens, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 		}
+		if err := s.UpsertAccessTokenToStore(ctx, user, accessToken); err != nil {
+			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to upsert access token, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
+		}
+
+		cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
+		setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
 		return c.JSON(http.StatusOK, convertUserFromStore(user))
 	})
 
@@ -95,10 +108,16 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerAuthRoutes(g *echo.Group, secret string) {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to create user, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 		}
 
-		if err := GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c, user, secret); err != nil {
+		accessToken, err := GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, secret)
+		if err != nil {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to generate tokens, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
 		}
+		if err := s.UpsertAccessTokenToStore(ctx, user, accessToken); err != nil {
+			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to upsert access token, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
+		}
 
+		cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
+		setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
 		return c.JSON(http.StatusOK, convertUserFromStore(user))
 	})
 
@@ -108,3 +127,54 @@ func (s *APIV1Service) registerAuthRoutes(g *echo.Group, secret string) {
 		return nil
 	})
 }
+
+func (s *APIV1Service) UpsertAccessTokenToStore(ctx context.Context, user *store.User, accessToken string) error {
+	userAccessTokens, err := s.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get user access tokens")
+	}
+	userAccessToken := storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken{
+		AccessToken: accessToken,
+		Description: "user sign in",
+		CreatedTime: timestamppb.Now(),
+		ExpiresTime: timestamppb.New(time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration)),
+	}
+	userAccessTokens = append(userAccessTokens, &userAccessToken)
+	if _, err := s.Store.UpsertUserSetting(ctx, &storepb.UserSetting{
+		UserId: user.ID,
+		Key:    storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS,
+		Value: &storepb.UserSetting_AccessTokensUserSetting{
+			AccessTokensUserSetting: &storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting{
+				AccessTokens: userAccessTokens,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("failed to upsert user setting, err: %s", err)).SetInternal(err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GenerateAccessToken generates an access token for web.
+func GenerateAccessToken(username string, userID int32, secret string) (string, error) {
+	expirationTime := time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration)
+	return generateToken(username, userID, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName, expirationTime, []byte(secret))
+}
+
+// RemoveTokensAndCookies removes the jwt token from the cookies.
+func RemoveTokensAndCookies(c echo.Context) {
+	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, "", cookieExp)
+}
+
+// setTokenCookie sets the token to the cookie.
+func setTokenCookie(c echo.Context, name, token string, expiration time.Time) {
+	cookie := new(http.Cookie)
+	cookie.Name = name
+	cookie.Value = token
+	cookie.Expires = expiration
+	cookie.Path = "/"
+	// Http-only helps mitigate the risk of client side script accessing the protected cookie.
+	cookie.HttpOnly = true
+	cookie.SameSite = http.SameSiteStrictMode
+	c.SetCookie(cookie)
+}
diff --git a/api/v1/jwt.go b/api/v1/jwt.go
index 1e8a7ac..53012d3 100644
--- a/api/v1/jwt.go
+++ b/api/v1/jwt.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/api/auth"
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/internal/util"
+	storepb "github.com/boojack/slash/proto/gen/store"
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/store"
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 	"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
@@ -25,43 +26,6 @@ type claimsMessage struct {
 	jwt.RegisteredClaims
 }
 
-// GenerateAccessToken generates an access token for web.
-func GenerateAccessToken(username string, userID int32, secret string) (string, error) {
-	expirationTime := time.Now().Add(auth.AccessTokenDuration)
-	return generateToken(username, userID, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName, expirationTime, []byte(secret))
-}
-
-// GenerateTokensAndSetCookies generates jwt token and saves it to the http-only cookie.
-func GenerateTokensAndSetCookies(c echo.Context, user *store.User, secret string) error {
-	accessToken, err := GenerateAccessToken(user.Email, user.ID, secret)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to generate access token")
-	}
-
-	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(auth.CookieExpDuration)
-	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, accessToken, cookieExp)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// RemoveTokensAndCookies removes the jwt token and refresh token from the cookies.
-func RemoveTokensAndCookies(c echo.Context) {
-	cookieExp := time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
-	setTokenCookie(c, auth.AccessTokenCookieName, "", cookieExp)
-}
-
-// setTokenCookie sets the token to the cookie.
-func setTokenCookie(c echo.Context, name, token string, expiration time.Time) {
-	cookie := new(http.Cookie)
-	cookie.Name = name
-	cookie.Value = token
-	cookie.Expires = expiration
-	cookie.Path = "/"
-	// Http-only helps mitigate the risk of client side script accessing the protected cookie.
-	cookie.HttpOnly = true
-	cookie.SameSite = http.SameSiteStrictMode
-	c.SetCookie(cookie)
-}
-
 // generateToken generates a jwt token.
 func generateToken(username string, userID int32, aud string, expirationTime time.Time, secret []byte) (string, error) {
 	// Create the JWT claims, which includes the username and expiry time.
@@ -127,9 +91,7 @@ func audienceContains(audience jwt.ClaimStrings, token string) bool {
 }
 
 // JWTMiddleware validates the access token.
-// If the access token is about to expire or has expired and the request has a valid refresh token, it
-// will try to generate new access token and refresh token.
-func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) echo.HandlerFunc {
+func JWTMiddleware(s *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) echo.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c echo.Context) error {
 		ctx := c.Request().Context()
 		path := c.Request().URL.Path
@@ -163,21 +125,28 @@ func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) e
 		})
 
 		if err != nil {
-			RemoveTokensAndCookies(c)
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, errors.Wrap(err, "Invalid or expired access token"))
 		}
 		if !audienceContains(claims.Audience, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName) {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, fmt.Sprintf("Invalid access token, audience mismatch, got %q, expected %q.", claims.Audience, auth.AccessTokenAudienceName))
 		}
 
-		// We either have a valid access token or we will attempt to generate new access token and refresh token
+		// We either have a valid access token or we will attempt to generate new access token.
 		userID, err := util.ConvertStringToInt32(claims.Subject)
 		if err != nil {
 			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Malformed ID in the token.").WithInternal(err)
 		}
 
+		accessTokens, err := s.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get user access tokens.").WithInternal(err)
+		}
+		if !validateAccessToken(token, accessTokens) {
+			return echo.NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "Invalid access token.")
+		}
+
 		// Even if there is no error, we still need to make sure the user still exists.
-		user, err := server.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
+		user, err := s.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
 			ID: &userID,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
@@ -192,3 +161,12 @@ func JWTMiddleware(server *APIV1Service, next echo.HandlerFunc, secret string) e
 		return next(c)
 	}
 }
+
+func validateAccessToken(accessTokenString string, userAccessTokens []*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken) bool {
+	for _, userAccessToken := range userAccessTokens {
+		if accessTokenString == userAccessToken.AccessToken && !userAccessToken.Revoked {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/api/v2/acl.go b/api/v2/acl.go
index b5db14b..f7c61c6 100644
--- a/api/v2/acl.go
+++ b/api/v2/acl.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/api/auth"
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/internal/util"
+	storepb "github.com/boojack/slash/proto/gen/store"
 	"github.com/boojack/slash/store"
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -44,14 +45,14 @@ type claimsMessage struct {
 
 // GRPCAuthInterceptor is the auth interceptor for gRPC server.
 type GRPCAuthInterceptor struct {
-	store  *store.Store
+	Store  *store.Store
 	secret string
 }
 
 // NewGRPCAuthInterceptor returns a new API auth interceptor.
 func NewGRPCAuthInterceptor(store *store.Store, secret string) *GRPCAuthInterceptor {
 	return &GRPCAuthInterceptor{
-		store:  store,
+		Store:  store,
 		secret: secret,
 	}
 }
@@ -62,12 +63,12 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) AuthenticationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, re
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "failed to parse metadata from incoming context")
 	}
-	accessTokenStr, err := getTokenFromMetadata(md)
+	accessToken, err := getTokenFromMetadata(md)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	userID, err := in.authenticate(ctx, accessTokenStr)
+	userID, err := in.authenticate(ctx, accessToken)
 	if err != nil {
 		if IsAuthenticationAllowed(serverInfo.FullMethod) {
 			return handler(ctx, request)
@@ -75,6 +76,14 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) AuthenticationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, re
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	accessTokens, err := in.Store.GetUserAccessTokens(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get user access tokens")
+	}
+	if !validateAccessToken(accessToken, accessTokens) {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "invalid access token")
+	}
+
 	// Stores userID into context.
 	childCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, UserIDContextKey, userID)
 	return handler(childCtx, request)
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ func (in *GRPCAuthInterceptor) authenticate(ctx context.Context, accessTokenStr
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, status.Errorf(codes.Unauthenticated, "malformed ID %q in the access token", claims.Subject)
 	}
-	user, err := in.store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
+	user, err := in.Store.GetUser(ctx, &store.FindUser{
 		ID: &userID,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -157,3 +166,12 @@ func audienceContains(audience jwt.ClaimStrings, token string) bool {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+func validateAccessToken(accessTokenString string, userAccessTokens []*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken) bool {
+	for _, userAccessToken := range userAccessTokens {
+		if accessTokenString == userAccessToken.AccessToken && !userAccessToken.Revoked {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/store/user_setting.go b/store/user_setting.go
index 3f921e9..e34d163 100644
--- a/store/user_setting.go
+++ b/store/user_setting.go
@@ -140,3 +140,20 @@ func vacuumUserSetting(ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// GetUserAccessTokens returns the access tokens of the user.
+func (s *Store) GetUserAccessTokens(ctx context.Context, userID int32) ([]*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken, error) {
+	userSetting, err := s.GetUserSetting(ctx, &FindUserSetting{
+		UserID: &userID,
+		Key:    storepb.UserSettingKey_USER_SETTING_ACCESS_TOKENS,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if userSetting == nil {
+		return []*storepb.AccessTokensUserSetting_AccessToken{}, nil
+	}
+
+	accessTokensUserSetting := userSetting.GetAccessTokensUserSetting()
+	return accessTokensUserSetting.AccessTokens, nil
+}